When Louise fills out fake applications for insurance cards and sells them, she is committing what type of fraud?

Louise's actions of creating fake applications for insurance cards and selling them represent hard fraud. Hard fraud involves deliberate and overt illegal activities intended to deceive for financial gain. This type of fraud typically includes acts such as creating false documentation, staging accidents, or misrepresenting oneself to access funds or services unlawfully. In this case, Louise is not merely exaggerating a loss or misrepresenting an existing situation, which would lean more toward soft fraud. Rather, she is engaged in clearly fraudulent behavior by generating completely fictitious insurance applications, aiming to profit from them. This unequivocally classifies her actions as hard fraud due to the intentionality and illegality behind the scheme.